Water loss within the distribution system significantly impacts Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL). Addressing this challenge of reducing water loss has been a formidable task, with over 40% of water lost annually. A glaring gap persists between the ascending demand for water and the descending supply, underscoring the urgent need to either augment supply or minimize water loss. This study focuses on assessing Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in the Bhaktapur distribution system under KUKL. Its main objectives include determining the current NRW level, identifying major causes and challenges, evaluating the physical condition and sustainability of the water supply scheme, and devising strategies to minimize NRW in the Bhaktapur distribution system. Primary data were gathered through field observations, questionnaire surveys, Key Informant Interviews, and discussions with KUKL and KVWSMB officials. Secondary Data from KUKL Bhaktapur was utilized to assess the physical status of existing structures and pipeline components. Key Informant Interviews were conducted with branch managers and KUKL experts, including the chief executive officer and manager, KVWSMB officials to obtain insights into the root causes of NRW and strategies for efficient management. Using a top-down approach with AWWA water audit software, NRW was estimated at 36.61% of the system input volume, with real losses accounting for 25.15% and apparent losses for 5.06%. High physical losses point to frequent leakage in the main, reflecting poor utility performance. The current status of the Bhaktapur Branch of KUKL's distribution system highlights various challenges and issues across different aspects. The examination of the primary causes of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in the Bhaktapur distribution network reveals several critical factors contributing to water loss. Aging infrastructure stands out as the most significant factor, closely followed by metering inaccuracies, third-party damage, and issues with billing accuracy and revenue collection. Poor operation and maintenance practices, inadequate pressure management, low staff motivation, and challenges in data handling and management also significantly contribute to NRW. Unauthorized consumption and water theft further exacerbate the problem. These findings underscore the necessity of addressing infrastructure deterioration, enhancing metering precision, implementing effective maintenance protocols, and improving operational management to mitigate water losses and enhance overall system efficiency. Addressing these pivotal factors is crucial for substantially reducing NRW and ensuring more sustainable water distribution within the network. vii To effectively curb NRW in the Bhaktapur distribution system, a comprehensive strategy that integrates technical, operational, and managerial approaches is indispensable. Leak detection and repair emerge as the foremost priority, emphasizing the need for proactive leak detection initiatives and prompt repairs. Establishing District Metered Areas (DMA) with bulk metering, leveraging GIS and mapping systems, and optimizing pressure management are equally essential strategies. Additionally, deploying comprehensive metering and monitoring systems, identifying and eradicating illegal connections, and ensuring billing accuracy are pivotal for NRW reduction. Asset management, customer engagement, education, and capacity building round out the list of key strategies. Implementing these measures necessitates concerted efforts among stakeholders to achieve sustained reductions in NRW and ensure efficient water management throughout the distribution system.

Keywords

Non-Revenue Water, Water Losses, Water Management, District Metered Areas , Integrated Approach

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